深化科技管理体制改革******
作者：沈家文（中国国际经济交流中心研究员）
习近平总书记在党的二十大报告中指出：“深化科技体制改革，深化科技评价改革，加大多元化科技投入，加强知识产权法治保障，形成支持全面创新的基础制度。”去年底召开的中央经济工作会议提出：“科技政策要聚焦自立自强。要有力统筹教育、科技、人才工作。布局实施一批国家重大科技项目，完善新型举国体制，发挥好政府在关键核心技术攻关中的组织作用，突出企业科技创新主体地位。”当前，世界新一轮科技革命和产业变革深入发展，国际科技竞争复杂激烈。我们站在新的更高发展起点上，深入学习宣传贯彻党的二十大精神，贯彻落实中央经济工作会议精神，完成艰巨的科技创新任务，尤其需要在体制机制上为科技创新提供坚强保障。构建更加有利于科技创新的体制机制和创新生态，亟待深化科技管理体制改革。
《中共中央国务院关于新时代加快完善社会主义市场经济体制的意见》提出：“全面完善科技创新制度和组织体系”“健全符合科研规律的科技管理体制和政策体系”。深化科技管理体制改革，是推动经济高质量发展、提高政府治理效能的内在要求，是实现科技自立自强、提升我国发展独立性自主性安全性的关键举措，有助于提升科技创新体系化能力、完善国家创新体系，有助于开辟发展新领域新赛道、形成国际竞争新优势。深化科技管理体制改革，要在以下3个方面着力。
建立健全更加适应国际科技竞争和应对风险挑战的科技管理体制机制。习近平总书记指出：“只有把核心技术掌握在自己手中，才能真正掌握竞争和发展的主动权，才能从根本上保障国家经济安全、国防安全和其他安全。”我们要适应有效应对新挑战、建设世界科技强国的需要，健全符合科研规律的科技管理体制和政策体系，从体制上增强科技创新和应急应变能力，改变一些关键核心技术受制于人的局面。
加快把集中力量办大事的制度优势转化为创新发展新动能。发挥新型举国体制优势，坚持问题导向，聚焦重大科研、勇于战略创新，建立快速响应的数字化管理体制和高效能科技创新统筹协调机制，强化科技创新政策的整体协同和有效衔接，把我国超大规模市场优势与国家重大战略需求紧密结合起来，加强跨区域、跨部门、跨学科整合创新资源，提高科研投入产出效率，催生更多新技术新产业，提升国家创新体系整体效能。
构建更加符合科技创新发展规律的现代化科技管理方式，促进我国科技创新实现质的飞跃。完整、准确、全面贯彻新发展理念，协同推进技术创新、制度创新、管理创新，形成创新合力。把转变政府职能作为科技管理体制改革的重要任务，优化科研组织架构，形成更加适应科技进步和技术创新的管理方式，充分激发创新活力和潜能。加强产学研融合和开放式创新，引导企业加大前瞻性和应用性基础研究投入，加速科研成果产业化，促进创新供给与发展需求高效对接。
中新网评：处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事******
中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称，将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对，企图将核污水“一倒了之”，把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。
资料图：日本福岛第一核电站。2011年，福岛核电站事故发生后，大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋，对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害，数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日，作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。
日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由，在2021年4月13日，正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多，日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。
日本政府辩称，这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全，甚至“可以喝”，这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。
事实上，经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质，核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收，长期来看，将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁，最终危害人类健康。
因此，核污水排海计划推出后，遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示，福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中，约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场，反对该计划。
日本政府认为，核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案，但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海，核污水会随着洋流流动，其影响势必会跨越国界，危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。
《韩国经济新闻》发文称，相关研究认为，福岛核污水如果排放入海，约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域，该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。
德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告，若日本将所有核污水排入海中，不到半年，整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁，包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。
日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国，有义务保护海洋环境。然而，在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上，日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。
国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估，但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论，并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下，日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设，这是极不负责任的行为。
太平洋不是日本的下水道，日本必须正视各方合理关切，在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后，制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远，若只顾眼前，执意将核污水排放入海，不仅其自身，周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单，其后果必将会危害数代人。
Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business
By John Lee
(ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.
Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.
The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.
The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.
In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.
Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.
The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.
The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.
The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.
According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.
As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.
However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.
Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.
The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.
If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.
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